Electrical and RF disturbances occur during normal operation of many items of motor vehicle equipment. They are generated over a wide frequency range with various electrical characteristics and can be distributed to on-board electronic devices and systems by conduction, radiation or both. Narrowband signals generated from sources on or off the vehicle can also be coupled into the electrical or electronic system, affecting the normal performance of electronics devices. Such sources of narrowband electromagnetic disturbances include mobile radios and broadcast transmitters.

The characteristics of the immunity of components to radiated disturbances have to be established. ISO 11452 provides various test methods for the evaluation of component immunity characteristics.

  - Part 1: General and definitions

  - Part 2: Absorbed lined shielded enclosure (ALSE)

  - Part 3: Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell

  - Part 4: Bulk current injection (BCI)

  - Part 6: Parallel plant antenna

  - Part 7: Direct radio frequency (RF) power injection

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